CSG industry spin can’t change the dirty facts

February 17, 2012
Issue 
A coal seam gas well in the Pilliga forest, northern NSW. Photo: Kate Ausburn

In September last year, the coal seam gas (CSG) industry launched a multimillion dollar advertising campaign called “We want CSG”. It is sponsored by the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) — the peak national body for oil and gas exploration — which represents companies such as Shell, Santos, Origin Energy, British Gas, AGL, PetroChina and ConocoPhillips.

This campaign kicked off in the context of broad public opposition to the industry: an August 2011 Galaxy poll found that 68% of Australians support a moratorium on CSG mining until more is known about the health and environmental impacts.

APPEA chief operating officer for eastern Australia, Rick Wilkinson, said the “We Want CSG” campaign was meant to counter “the loudest voices in Australia’s energy debate” by giving “the facts — not myths — about CSG, the industry’s operations, and the critical role gas can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions”.

Some of these “facts” — put forward in the campaign’s new television ads — are examined below.

Claim: “This is a coal seam gas well. It takes up less land than half a tennis court.”

Shown in the ad is a single CSG well, with some horses grazing nearby.

The problem with this claim is what the ad fails to mention: that CSG mining takes far more than a well.

A CSG production field has a large above-ground footprint. It needs a wellhead every 300 to 900 metres. Each well requires at least one, and up to four hectares, of cleared land for the drilling pad, pumps, generators, compressors, vehicles and a storage pond or tank to hold waste water.

Further land clearing may take place for the construction of gas pipelines, firebreaks and access roads capable of handling heavy vehicles and equipment.

Half a tennis court might sound harmless, but CSG production means industrial development. None of the ads inform the public of this fact.

Claim: “Without CSG NSW will have to rely heavily on black coal for its electricity supply.”

The source APPEA give for this “fact” is The Australian newspaper on January 9 this year. Astoundingly, the article simply includes a quote from an unnamed spokesperson for Santos — a CSG mining and exploration company — making this claim.

Of course, that someone in the CSG industry said something to a newspaper does not make it a “fact”.

More importantly, in this case, it’s untrue. Failure to develop the CSG industry does not force the use of black coal to generate electricity. Renewable energy could replace the development of CSG and new and existing coal-fired power.

Research by Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE) and the University of Melbourne Energy Research Institute shows Australia could meet all its electricity needs from 100% renewable sources within a decade, using commercially available technologies.

Claim: “Wholesale electricity prices will be 11% higher without more CSG in NSW.”

This statement comes from an APPEA-funded report by ACIL Tasman. All of the scenarios it compares assume that electricity generation in NSW will mostly come from coal or gas in 2030.

It does not model electricity prices under a large-scale transition to renewables. Indeed, the baseline scenario used suggests that renewables will account for only 6% of NSW energy output in 2030. This is despite the fact that in 2010 renewables accounted for more than 19% of global energy production.

The current overall cost per unit of energy produced by wind power is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas installations, says the US government’s Energy Information Administration.

Also, although renewables are more expensive to build, solar, wind and hydro energy have no ongoing fuel costs.

Claim: “CSG could provide millions of dollars each year in royalties to NSW.”

“Could” is the operative weasel word here. As it stands, the CSG industry in NSW enjoys a royalty holiday for the first five years of production.

Claim: “The natural gas extracted is up to 70% cleaner than coal for electricity.”

The reference for this claim is a study by WorleyParsons, also commissioned by APPEA.

What the ad fails to mention is that this same study looked at a range of scenarios. WorleyParsons also found that when CSG is burnt in old gas plants — common in Australia — emissions are up to 44% higher than burning coal in new coal plants.

The research has also been widely criticised, particularly as the study models best-practice scenarios rather than real operating practice, and because most of the data is industry funded, old or based on different extraction practices.

Also, it rules out the possibility of large or ongoing methane leaks from CSG wells and does not include Australian data on escaped methane from CSG.

But CSG extraction results in big fugitive methane emissions. Methane is a highly flammable and potent greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere at 105 times the rate of CO2, over a 20-year period. These emissions come from leaking pipelines, wellheads and processing plants. It also escapes from mining waste water and underground systems.

Researchers from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said air sampling of gas fields in Colorado showed leakage rates of 4% on average, and up to 7.7%. This is far greater than the rates assumed by WorleyParsons, the CSG industry and the Australian government.

A 2011 study by Tom Wigley of the Center for Atmospheric Research concluded: “Unless leakage rates for new methane can be kept below 2%, substituting gas for coal is not an effective means for reducing the magnitude of future climate change.”

A BZE study into lifecycle emissions from gas sources in Australia suggests that a switch to CSG may do nothing or be counterproductive for cutting greenhouse gas emissions.

BZE executive director Matthew Wright told the October 8, 2011, Sydney Morning Herald that CSG — after conversion to liquefied natural gas — is likely to prove, at best, slightly cleaner than new coal, and possibly worse.

[Jess Moore is a member of Stop CSG Illawarra, the Socialist Alliance, and won the NSW Nature Cosnervation Council's 2011 "Rising Star" award.]



Comments

Excellent article. In addition to despoiling the landscape, violating amenity, salinizing land and depleting and polluting aquifers, there are 2 fundamental reasons why Coal Seam Gas (CSG) development should be stopped in Australia, the US and like high per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution countries. 1. Australia has already used up its fair share of the science-demanded terminal global GHG pollution budget. In 2009, the WBGU which advises the German Government on climate change has estimated that for a 75% chance of avoiding a 2C temperature rise (EU policy) the World can emit no more than 600 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2010 and zero emissions in 2050. Australia's share of this terminal GHG pollution budget is 600,000 million tonnes CO2 x 22 million/7,000 million = 1,885 million tonnes CO2. At Australia's current rate of Domestic plus Exported GHG pollution of 1,415 million tonnes of CO2-e (2010; Google "2011 Climate Change Course"), Australia had 1,885/1,415 = 1.3 years to achieve zero emissions i.e. Australia had used up its fair share of the terminal pollution budget by about mid-2011 and is now stealing the entitlement of impoverished countries such as Bangladesh and Somalia (Google "Shocking analysis by country of years left to zero emissions"). Accordingly, Australia should be closing down fossil fuel extraction, not generating more. 2. Depending upon gas leakage rate, burning natural gas can be worse GHG-wise than burning coal. Methane (CH4) is a major part of natural gas, is a gas, leaks significantly and is 105 times worse than CO2 as a GHG on a 20 year time frame with aerosol impacts taken into account (see Drew T. Shindell et al., “Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions”, Science, 30 October 2009, Vol. 326 no. 5953 pp. 716-718). CH4 leakage from fracking can be 7.9% as compared to the US average of 3.3% and depending upon the leakage gas burning for power can be worse GHG-wise than coal burning (see Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro and Anthony Ingraffea, “Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations”, Climatic Change, 2011). Indeed, with existing infrastructure in Victoria, at 3.3% leakage gas burning is as bad GHG-wise as coal burning at Hazelwood (Australia's dirtiest coal-fired power plant) and if 7.9% (as from fracking) would be twice as bad as Hazelwood GHG-wise (Google "Gas is not clean energy"). Accordingly , burning Coal Seam Gas for power may be as bad as and may be twice as dirty GHG-wise as burning coal i.e. don't do it. Unfortunately, Australia is a Murdochracy (Big Money buys truth, public perception and votes) and a Lobbyocracy (Big Money buys politicians, parties, policies, public perception and votes). The 2 keys points above are absent from mainstream public discussion in Australia, Thus, for example, the taxpayer-funded ABC has a search engine that enables you to search "the entire ABC site" but an ABC search for the following yields ZERO (0) results in relation to key points #1 and #2 above that are crucial to sensible public debate: "Drew Shindell" "Robert Howarth", "105 times", "WBGU", "domestic plus exported", "600 billion tonnes". Dr Gideon Polya, Melbourne.

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