Humanity is currently faced with a number of deep and challenging crises: economic, social, political, over food – and over climate change, which is threatening the very existence of millions of people.
These crises have many of the same root causes, going to the core of our economic system. The economic and climate crises are both embedded parts of the capitalist economy.
The system is geared toward making profits rather than producing use values; it is dependent on economic growth (capitalism without growth is capitalism in crisis); exploiting workers and over-exploiting natural resources. It is also about to destroy planet Earth for future generations.
This multiplicity of crises does not only represent a threat, but also an opportunity. It can contribute to strengthening the mobilisation of social forces needed to break the current trend – in favour of a democratic and planned development of society.
Because measures to combat climate change will require great changes in society, we face a major social struggle. A narrow focus on environmental policy issues simply will not suffice. The climate and environmental struggle must therefore be put into a wider political context.
A system-critical approach is needed. Increasingly, our entire social model, the way we produce and consume, is under question. The way out of these crises requires a system change and this can only be achieved if we are able considerably to shift the balance of power in society.
Agreement, but no solution
At the Paris Summit (COP21 in 2015), the first ever truly global agreement to fight the climate crisis was concluded. Governments have been negotiating for more than 25 years in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
However, emissions have not been cut. They have rather increased immensely, by more than 60% since 1990 – and they are still increasing.
Transport emissions have increased 120% over the past 30 years, and they are still rising all over the world – at a rate that outweighs cuts in other economic sectors.
Today, growth in renewable energy has stalled, and investment is falling.
The stated aim of the Paris agreement is ambitious. The target of keeping global warming below 2oC was strengthened, so that governments should now “pursue efforts” to limit the temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels.
The weakness of the agreement is the huge gap between this aim and the measures agreed upon to reach it. Based on the voluntary pledges (so-called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – INDCs) from all countries on emissions cuts, we are so far on course for a temperature increase of 3-4oC. This means climate catastrophe.
An interest-based struggle
The catastrophe, though, can be avoided. It is both possible and realistic to cut GHG emissions sufficiently to avoid the worst effects of global warming. To believe that this will happen by itself, through market mechanisms and through the process of adjusted voluntary pledges every five years, however, is a very risky business.
Why have governments been unable to agree on the necessary measures and unable to do what the science tells us is necessary to avoid climate catastrophe, during the past 25 or more years? It is not because of a lack of solutions. The climate crisis can be prevented. We have the technology, knowledge and competence required to avert a climate disaster. It is the power to translate words into action however, which poses the greatest challenge.
In this struggle, we are up against some of the most powerful corporations in the world – allied to an army of neoliberal politicians serving their interests. Oil companies are among the biggest and most powerful companies in the world. These firms are using all their power to avoid policies that hurt their economic interests. They execute enormous economic and political power.
Therefore, only massive pressure from below, from a broad coalition of trade unions, other social movements, environmentalists and others can save us from climate catastrophe.
This fight against climate change – against climate catastrophe – is not an extra struggle that the trade union movement must take on in addition to fighting austerity. It is, and will increasingly be, an important part of the same struggle. If climate change is not stopped, or limited to the 1.5oC or 2oC target, which is within reach if we act rapidly and forcefully, it will actually become job-killer number one.
It will destroy communities and it will lead to enormous social degradation. It will further redistribute wealth from the bottom to the top, hugely increasing poverty and causing emigration crises of unknown dimensions. Our struggle to avoid devastating climate change is therefore an important part of the interest-based struggle – the class struggle – over what kind of society we want.
Public ownership and democratic control
The fight against climate change will require a sea change in society. Activities that adversely affect the climate have to be shut down, while renewable energy, energy saving and environmentally sustainable activities must be developed.
For this to be supported by the public, changes must occur in a way that will safeguard people’s social and economic security and, ultimately, create a better society for everyone. It is unacceptable that individual groups of workers should have to bear the burden through unemployment and marginalisation.
In other words, it has to be a just transition. This can only be achieved in a planned and systematic fashion, that is, through democratic processes; and it will have to go hand in hand with a radical redistribution of wealth in society.
Put differently, if we are to save the climate, we need a new brand of democratic control – including of the economy. We need an offensive and proactive industrial policy.
We need a controlled shift of investment from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. We need a reorientation of existing industries and a reindustrialisation based on renewable energy.
We need massive investment in free public transport in order to curb the growing emissions in the transport sector.
We need a completely new approach to land use and urban planning, one with the environment and climate at its core.
We must strengthen research and development, as well as innovation and skills development. In short, we must do what is necessary to attain the scientific target of keeping the temperature rise below 1.5-2.0°C.
The anti-austerity struggle raises the need for public ownership and democratic control in a number of areas – in defence of public utilities as well as in the fight to bring privatised property and services back under democratic control. One of our most important challenges is to bring the powerful corporations and institutions that benefit from the financial-industrial fossil fuel complex under democratic control.
In the fight against climate change, the energy sector stands at the forefront: carbon dioxide emissions are all about energy, and without bringing that sector under democratic control, we will not achieve the deep transformations we need rapidly enough.
Unify the social with the climate change struggle
The trade union movement will have to play a decisive role in this struggle, because of its strategic position in society. However, trade unions are on the defensive all over the world and they are under immense pressure from strong economic forces.
The trade union movement has developed more consistent policies against austerity and global warming over recent years. A deeper discussion is required about effective strategies in terms of mobilisation and forms of struggle to achieve our goals.
We need to act rapidly and forcefully. During the more than 25 years of the COP process, big oil, big finance, neoliberal governments and market forces have been unable to solve these problems on our behalf.
The same goes for the economic and social crises. The corporations are mobilising all their power to avoid any restrictions on their desperate hunt for more profit. More austerity and more GHG emissions are the inevitable results.
For the trade unions, fighting climate change cannot be a question of sacrificing what has already been achieved. On the contrary, it is about creating a better society for everybody.
Transition to an environmentally sustainable society has many advantages. Thousands of new jobs in public transport, renewable energy, house retrofitting and sustainable industry will be created. A reduction of GHG will also lead to less polluted workplaces and communities.
Increased democratic control of the economy will reduce competition and pressure at the workplace. The end of over-exploitation of non-renewable resources will open the possibility of a radical reduction of working hours. Less stress, strain and mental pressure will be important effects of such a development.
Growing pressure from below!
The fight against climate change and austerity cannot be abstract; it has to address concrete problems and solutions in people’s daily lives.
We need to unify and make the struggles broader. Most unions today are involved in anti-austerity fights. Unions are joining the campaign against climate change. Initiatives like the Trade Unions for Energy Democracy (TUED) and the Global Climate Jobs Network represent important developments.
We need broad coalitions willing to fight, a more radical agenda, more militancy and thus a growing pressure from below to ensure that the aims and ambitions set out in the Paris agreement can be realised.
[Asbjørn Wahl is a Norwegian writer, political activist, trade union adviser and recently retired climate change spokesperson for the International Transport Workers Federation. Wahl wrote this article ahead the Socialist Solutions to Climate Change forum, hosted by Scottish Socialist Voice in Edinburgh in June.]